Core Competencies and Program Objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Core Competencies and Program Objectives - Essay Example As such, the curriculum should be structured to deliver and foster synergy and persistence across the curriculum and yield to the assessment of program outcomes. II NLN Core Competencies and Program Outcomes for Graduates of Baccalaureate Programs NLN outlines four outcomes as demonstrating and mirroring mastery of essential core nursing practice competencies. The objective of nursing education for every nursing program can be grouped in four distinct outcomes: nurses ought to utilize their skills and knowledge to promote human flourishing for their patients, families, and communities at large. Furthermore, they should manifest sound nursing judgment, and should persistently persist in developing their professional identity. Finally, nurses ought to approach all issues and challenges in a spirit of inquiry (National League for Nursing, 2010a). The outlined components are envisaged to yield to core competency development. NLN six competencies entail: (a) allow learning; (b) assist in learner socialization and development; (c) utilize review and appraisal strategies; (d) engage in curriculum design and program result appraisals; (e) play the role of change agent and leader; (f) based on the role of nursing educator, seek quality enhancement (National League for Nursing, 2010a). ... This relates to the creation of pathways to execute the nurse’s distinct potential. This relates to the attainment of human prosperity as a life-long existential continuum of self-actualization and self-realization that perpetually continues to progress. The nurse should integrate the knowledge and skills learned to aid students, families, and the community at large to incessantly progress toward attainment of human capacities (National League for Nursing, 2010b). NLN Outcome/ competency for human flourishing The graduate of the nursing program evidently be a promoter for patients and families in ways that foster their self-determination, honesty, and continuous growth as human persons. As such, in mastering the art and science of nursing, the role of the nurse educator centre on aiding students establish core competencies to guarantee that the students can, subsequently, lead patients in looking past the clinical encounter, or the peculiarity in their health condition, and fo ster a re-assimilation of their experiences. Essential to attaining the program result of human flourishing details the strategic intertwining of progressively structured learning activities and the articulation of essential competencies throughout the nursing curriculum. A student can attain this outcome by learning activities that are pertinent and suitable to the program, and related courses. The notion of human flourishing is essentially a lived experience of contemporary nursing students, the fundamental concepts centering on human dignity, heat and illness, vulnerability, compassion, as well as cultural and ethnic diversity (Bjork & Kirkevold, 1999). This also involves capability to question standards of nursing standards in pursuit of

Student at Drexel University Essay Example for Free

Student at Drexel University Essay While the Philadelphia Museum of Art may not house some of the more famous artwork from the Baroque period, their acquisition of Poussin’s â€Å"Birth of Venus† was nothing short of a savvy purchase. Hungry for Western currency, the painting was sold by the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg in 1930 under the Soviet Regime to the PMA. In their possession is arguably one of the most hotly debated works from that era. Also aptly named â€Å"The Triumph of Neptune and Amphitrite† this painting not only highlights Poussin’s trademark ability to allow for an open interpretation of his depictions but also encourages an allegorical analysis of the many elements present in his composition. The very ambiguities of this painting, and his others, emphasizes Poussin’s capacity to express the concepts or overall ideas of things and events themselves while not concentrating on the minutia while still allowing for translation. Before one can approach an iconological interpretation of Poussin’s work, one must also understand his early training, influences and subsequent ideology to grasp his use of deep symbolism and line. In his early career working with Italian poet Giambattista Marino, Nicolas Poussin was commissioned to illustrate Ovidian poetry subsequently establishing the ideals of Metamorphoses – themes and motifs prominent in â€Å"The Birth of Venus†.[3][6] This was also important in developing his ability to intimately tie literature to painting.[1] Poussin grew to heavily favor Disegno over Colore, or design over color which can be seen in all of his works[3][6]. His ideology proposed that design, form and line were more important than t he colors and dà ©cor of the traditional Baroque French art of the time. This very dogma split French Renaissance Art 200 years after his death in which factions of his study (Poussinistes) proposed that drawing was superior to color (Rubà ©nistes)[6]. Poussin’s  holistic and classical approach was his attempt to reach the highest aim of painting: the representation of the magnificent. He intended to only focus on great events, battles and divine matters. In this way, Poussin’s take on Roman Classicism eventually contributed to the aesthetic style of Grand Matter[3][6]. His method of Ideal or Heroic Landscape, which drew upon the perspectives of rhetoric, utopianism, drama and metaphysics allowed him to coherently arrange elements as seen in the â€Å"Birth of Venus†. The very nature and composition of Poussin’s works highlights the realm of Baroque Classicism in which the arrangement of the physical is paramount to reflecting the rationality of an ideal and eternal world. His fascination with deity and mythology sans Christianity also can be seen in his rejection of Neoplatonism and his use of Epicurean interpretation[5]. Indeed, Poussin was not the first artist to depict Venus physica (terrestrial Venus). Nearly a century and a half prior to Poussin’s painting, Italian painter Sandro Boticelli composed a similar painting also named â€Å"The Birth of Venus† (1485)[6]. While there are some similarities to Boticelli’s painting, Poussin’s provides a more Epicurean interpretation rather than a Neoplatonistic o ne. In addition, 20 years after Boticelli’s work, another Italian painter created another piece of art that depicts Venus in a manner more similar to Poussin’s (â€Å"The Triumph of Galatea†)[6]. The Birth of Venus by Boticelli (1485) The Triumph of Galatea by Raphael (1514) Both of these paintings, while somewhat similar, only reinforce some of the symbolic clues left by Poussin in his own depiction: The Birth of Venus or The Triumph of Neptune and Amphitrite by Poussin (1635) As we gaze over Poussin’s work of art we notice a great many things. First and foremost, as we know of his attention to placement, the centermost and brightest subject is of a nude female deity. A time-frozen, windswept pink shroud is cast upon her naked body while she rides on top of dolphins harnessed by her and the cupid-like boy under her. Poussin’s placement of Her is crucial because it highlights Her very significance in the scene; she is centered as her male counterpart is seemingly subordinate and pictorially  off to the side. Around her are Tritons and Nerreds and above are cupid-like babies adorning her with flowers. The inspiration for the placement and formation of the goddess can be seen by the earlier paintings of Boticelli and Raphael. In each painting the deity in the center is shielded by a billowing cloth of pink/red. In addition, Poussin chose to have the woman deity ride in on dolphins similar to that of Raphael’s composition. Because there are two official names for this painting, one thing must be addressed before moving on, â€Å"Is this a depiction of the birth of Venus or the triumph of Amphitrite?†. Amphitrite is the Greek sea-goddess and wife of Poseidon while Venus is the Roman goddess of love, two different characters that share no parallels. There is some interesting evidence to support that the painting is indeed Venus’ birth. In both The Triumph of Galatea and The Birth of Venus, Venus is not only riding on dolphins but also has her son Cupid below her also harnessing the sea beasts[3][4][5][6]. Furthermore in Boticelli’s painting and in Poussin’s, the woman deity is being adorned with myrtle, the flower most commonly associated with Venus, goddess of love – myrtle too is a symbol of love[6]. Additionally, Poussin employs his knowledge of Apulerius in Metamorphoses or â€Å"The Golden Ass† of which the story describes Venus as being accompanied by a ban d of fellow beings singing and blowing horns[2][4]. The comparison between the Apulerius’ text and Poussin’s painting are fascinating, there are a band of fellow beings surrounding Venus in the form of Tritons and Nerreds, two of which are blowing horns. In Metamorphoses, Apulerius merely depicts the triumph of a Venus while Poussin paints her genesis[2]. Seen in the warm clouds above, riding on a chariot in the sky by six doves is the infant form of Venus. On her journey to creation she encounters transformation which is signified by the dark storm clouds above. This is painted to contrast the entire tone of the painting so markedly that it bears a special meaning. Poussin again employs his usage of literary interpretation in the form of Lucretius’ didactic poem De rerum natura or â€Å"On the Nature of Things†[4]. In this poem’s prologue, there lies a single significant line: â€Å"Te dea, te fugiunt venti, Te nubile caeli Adventumque tuum†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This translates to â€Å"Thee, goddess fle e you, the wind, cloudy skies, and your arrival.† [4] Which means that the winds and clouds part in anticipation of a goddess, shown in the picture. In Poussin’s depiction, he portrays Venus as being propelled by the  winds just as in Boticelli’s work. These pieces of literary and visual evidence provide basis that the central female deity in Poussin’s painting is in fact Roman goddess Venus. To the left of Venus is a male deity riding on hippocamps or seahorses, it is not easily discernible however if he is to be depicted as Neptune the Roman god of freshwater and sea or Poseidon, Greek god of the ocean. Both counterparts are known as god of the horses and horse tamer respectively and each wields a trident[6]. In regards to the location of the painting, Poussin uses the method of Ideal Landscape[6] in which he represents the locale but not exactly. It was important that the setting did not exactly reflect or imitate a real place in its entirety but to highlight the divinity, magnificence and importance of the event or subject in an effort to not distract the audience. However, Poussin did provide a small piece of evidence in the form of a spilling vase at the base of the painting. This could symbolize a river near a mountai nous island in the Mediterranean. Evidence has shown that the archaeological site of Paphos (a mountainous island of Cyprus) is near the mouth of the Bocarus River which could very well be the paintings’ setting [4][5]. Works Cited [1] Janson, Anthony. Jansons History of Art . 8th ed. Pearson, 2011. Print. [2]Moore, Brooks. Ovids Metamorphoses. 1st. New York, NY: Marshall Jones Company, 1933. Print. [3] Nicolas Poussin Biography. Nicholas Poussin: The Complete Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Aug 2013. . [4] Phelan, Joseph. Poussin and the Heroic Landscape.ArtCyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug 2013. [5] Sommer, Frank H. . Poussins Triumph of Neptune and Amphitrite: A Re- Identification. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 24.3 (1961): 323-327. Print. [6] Verdi, Richard. Nicolas Poussin. Encyclopedia Britannica. .

Comparison of Chinese and Western Advertising

Comparison of Chinese and Western Advertising Advertising is not only an economic phenomenon, but also a cultural phenomenon, which is a kaleidoscope, the reflection of social culture. Linguists Wallace called the ads as the most culturally characterized social language among all the discourses. Culture is a compound entirety, and every community has its own unique culture. And language is an important part of culture, which mirrors the history and cultural background of a country, as well as contains the nations life style and thinking style. That is to say, the development of language has accumulated abundant culture, the writing of which reflects the most profound connotation of culture. Thus, as a part of language, inevitably, advertisement language can be influenced by culture. This thesis researches into the cultural differences between China and western countries reflected in advertising language, in order to make communication between China and western counties much easier. [Key Words] Advertisement; Cultural Differences; Values; National Trait I. Introduction In the age of information, advertising has become an important source of information for modern life. With the globalization of the economy, advertising is becoming a worldwide commercial activity nowadays. As different kinds of culture conflicted with each other, any commercial advertising can not only operate in the information conveying commodities, but also have a mission of cultural dissemination. Different cultural backgrounds, different values breed different advertising creativity. The study is attempted to explore the cultural differences between China and western countries through various examples, with the purpose of getting better understanding of the developing trend of advertising both at home and abroad. Language is the mirror and reflection of culture. As a special kind of expression of language, advertisement, with no doubt, cant be separated from language. Therefore, it was born with a deep print of culture inevitably. As for the cultural differences, a number of scholars have tried to explain it in different aspects. In the past on the study of cultural differences in advertising, people tended to pick the perspective of linguistics, focusing on the vocabulary, syntax and rhetoric identity, but it is not limited to language but rather a cultural phenomenon. Many academics are trying to explore cultural differences in advertisement between China and western countries. The Dutch scholar G Hofstede who took three dimensions to analyze East-West cultural differences: individualism and collectivism self-reference and ethnocentricity, color signs and symbols, were more successful. Many Chinese scholars also did some research from a variety of angles in this area, such as Niu Xiaojuan, Xu Dezhen and so on. On the basis of the formers, the author collected a large number of materials, trying to discuss cultural differences in advertisement between China and western countries. Advertisement is part of culture. Culture includes philosophy, thinking, behavior, cultural psychology, ethics, customs, traditions and religious beliefs of history, and so on. The author have read a lot of books and collected a large number of materials concerning this study. Herein the author only chooses some aspects of culture to analyze and explore the differences between China and western countries. II. Definitions of Culture Advertisement 2.1 Culture Culture, a hot issue at home and abroad, is a very complicated, multidimensional, and nonrepresentational subject. According to the definition from The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Crystal, 1997: 784), culture is the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior. Culture defined consists of language, ideas, customs, beliefs, institutions, tools, techniques, taboos, and works of art, rituals, ceremonies, and other related components. And Hurford (1987: 315) defines culture as the most general concept to describe the behavior of human being and history. It refers to many items at different levels of generality: ideas, values, emotions, actions, tendencies and accumulations. In fact, although there are hundreds of definitions of culture, anthropologists agree that the learned ways of behaving and adapting are included in the culture, as contrasted to carry on behavioral patterns of instincts. Social scientists divide culture into several groups like family, politics, economics, education and religion. Culture and language are connecting to each other. Culture can not be discussed without language used in it. According to Kirkpatrick (1995: 271-295), culture refers to The life way and its manifestations that are specifically to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression. Culture is an abstraction concept; it includes almost everything, no matter material or spiritual. Language is the expression of culture. Different languages have its different cultural meanings. It is limited to accept diversity culture, especially the spiritual scope. But Language is the most important foundation of the transfer of culture. One aspect is, as the basic part of culture, language carries culture, reflects culture, and develops culture. Another aspect is language is influenced by culture deeply in many aspects of our life. 2.2 Advertisement There are many definitions for advertisement; American Marketing Association defines advertising as the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by dandified sponsor through various media. With the development of technology and globalization, advertisement is run through into every aspect in various styles and becoming a rigueur part of our daily life. The advertisement is a commercial activity in the market economy for the image of enterprises and the brand of a product. The customers, as the audience of the advertisement, are edified by different cultural environment in their thoughts and consciousness. Advertising language, including advertising words and pictures, is a peculiar form of language, and the particularity determined its close bond with culture. Therefore the advertisement composers are inclined to design the ads on the basis of good understanding of the cultural characteristics and rack their brains to make the ads catering to the customers cultural psychology through language skills and fancy pictures. On the contrary, without fail, we could realize the cultural differences through varied advertisements. III. Cultural Differences in Advertisements between China and Western Counties Today, with the development of the technology and the spread of the mass media, advertising has a widely influence to our daily life. However, whatever promoting strategies advertising companies use, the language is the main carrier of the message. As Vestergaard Schroder (1985: 246) point out, advertising takes many forms, but in most of them language is of crucial importance. Advertising language is presented in a style that has immediate impact with the intent of rapid persuasion. In the world market, the translation of advertising language is essential for the effective transmission of advertising and thus the sale of products. However, before the translation is undertaken, having a good knowledge of both the similar and different characteristics of advertising language used in the West and in China is a must. In this section the author would like to talk about it in the following aspects. 3.1 Values Cultural values is a criterion that people judge the good and the bad, the beautiful and the ugly, the worthy and the unworthy, the clean and the dirty, the correct and the wrong, the kind and the cruel, the just and the unjust, the decent and the indecent and so on. Psychologist Henry Murray defined that value is the psychological reflection of basic demands, which should be changed by the real world. That is to say values are a kind of thought eager for something. In this section the author like to talk about it in the following aspects. 3.1.1 Individual vs. Collectivity Generally speaking, western culture encourages individual orientation that is more concerned about their own interests, as well as individual successes and achievements, and is self-centered, with emphasis on personal dignity, and encourages and praises those who have wealth to the challenges and difficulties of people. By comparison, the eastern nations show more hierarchical groups orientation and the orientation of the overall interests of nation and prominent family, with particular emphasis on finding family interests and family ethics and coordinating relations. Thus, the traditional Chinese culture recognizes the value of the individual, to a certain extent, from individuals and groups (family, religious and national) such cultural difference is a clear manifestation in advertising home and abroad. China is a large traditional agricultural social pattern, so it focuses on the Chinese cultural system collectivism, authoritative character. Chinese people have strong patriotic feelings, emphasizing national self-esteem, self-belief. The following examples are inclined to illustrate this view. Zhonghua toothpaste: à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã…“à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­ (Hu Zhongli, Zhu LijuanWang Yafei, 2007). 10 years of ups and downs, China forever in our hearts The ads not only show this brand enjoys years of popularity but also expresses that Chinese people love their motherland through the homophonic pun. The following examples are no exception to this rule. à §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ± MeiLing refrigerator à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ± Chinese life, Chinese MeiLing à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¢ ChangHong Group Cooperation à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦- Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Å’Ã §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ » ChangHong shoulder the mission of dedicating itself to the service of its motherland and nation prosperity. This not only reflects the growth of Chinas national industry is the reality, but also expresses peoples national pride and inspires love of national goods, contributing to the revitalization of the national industries. In the United Statesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’as a dominant social individualism, personal unique personality means the pursuit of his own words, behavior, thought and distinctiveness. Advertisement of American Opel car directly advertised product unique, highlighting their seeking personality traits. All cars are the same these days. Weve all heard this said. But not by anybody who knows about Opel. Coincidentally, an advertisement of Porsche sports car with a brilliant attractive picture of a red sports car running rapidly on the Highway, creates Lonely wolf image as luxury sport cars driving through a forest. There is no doubt that such advertising can meet management objectives, such as young consumers desire for self-expression, the pursuit of brilliant psychological cause. From the above examples, it is not difficult to see that self-expression, independent spirit and values of individuals struggling to be fully reflected in the advertising. 3.1.2 Love vs. Respect To some extent, love and respect are synonymy for they have much in common. By the respect love from, and love distillated to respect is a process of quantitative and qualitative change, but they cannot be the same. Respect is always from the lower to the upper while love is equal regardless of level and class. With traditional cultural influence of each own, Chinese advertisement is respect-oriented while western countries love-oriented. This is because in China, filial piety is a virtue. Chinese people deeply feel the responsibility of the family. Not only morally, but also legally, children have the obligation and responsibility of maintenance for the elderly. Filial piety is a faithful, honest basis. One Expression of filial piety is distinguishing elderly. Such values have been strengthened in advertising. Lets take a look at two medicine ads in China and abroad. Health Protection Yangshen in television advertising: On the Screen, the son acted by movie star Huang Rihua is worried about his fathers health, so he buys him today Yangshen which will probably benefit his physical condition. But probably as a result of little communication between the father and son, its a little difficult for the son to find the way to present Yangshen to his father. When the son is practicing father, I love you in his room, the father breaks in and looks at the son with surprise and misunderstanding. At this time, the son hands Yangshen over to his father and speaks out father, I love you, then we could see the tear in the fathers eyes. Adalat Oros advertisement of preventing cardiovascular medicine: a picture of a healthy elderly full of energy and spirit and together with his newly young married wife wearing her wedding dress in front of the church, his self-confidence and charming smile on his face. Advertising language is: He should live longer than he expected. Two commercials are both good advertising, but also illustrate different cultural foundation in Chinese and Western world. One is respect oriented, and the other love oriented. YangShen advertising today shows that in the Chinese family, child shows respect to his father at first, then the love. Commercials take full advantage of the Chinese culture; achieving an effect that Yangshen is not only just for health supply but a token to express love. Likewise, Adalat Oros is a kind of medicine. It takes the performance by using humor that two people with age gap get married, the advertisements feature mock language, relaxed and candidly conveying brand concept: Love for your health is treasure and cherish life! The high confidence from high-hold head of the young lady and the crafty smile of the old fellow clearly manifested the contest between love and life (Wang Chunmei, Wan YinongZhang Lei, 2006). 3.1.3 Authority vs. Freedom China has experienced a long history in the feudal society, as its mainstream culture, Confucianism has been widely influencing the lives of Chinese people, who have also formed a less thinking mode advocating moderation and upholding the authority. This is reflected in the life of the people, who will always take professional judgment and authority sector report as golden rule without any suspicion. Thus, Chinas advertising is always full of experts and recommends certification of authority sector. By comparison, the Western advertisers are more inclined to create an image for the brand, giving expression to the peoples desire for individuality and freedom. We could see the differences in the following advertisement. à ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å" à ©Ã…“ ² à ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ : à ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ©Ã…“ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‹Å"à ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦-â„ ¢Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‹Å"à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã… ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…’ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ©Ã…“ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸-à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡40à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã…’à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã…’ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡(CSA )à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‹Å" ²Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’ »Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡(CPMA)à ¦Ã… ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã…’à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ The company selected high quality tooth-cleaning materials, fully in line with national standards. This toothpaste does not wear the teeth, but makes it clean and glossy. It has been recognized by more than 40 Dental Associations in the world and more Chinese experts choose this brand. CSA and CPMA recommend the brand. Safeguard, a brand of fancy soap, also takes the print of Chinese Medical Association as an attractive point. In the western advertisement, seldom do we find the reorganization of authority. As for the westerners, freedom and individualism is much more important. Nike Just do it Marlboro Come to where the flavor is Come to Marlboro Country (Han Ping, 2005). Marlboro is a name of cigarette. Here Marlboro Country refers to the people who smoke this kind of cigarette which makes people forget their manual processes, thus there is a yearning for freedom to return to the nature. Flavor has two meanings here. One is the unique taste; the other is the special dress and grace of the smoker. Marlboro man represents the most successful, most influential brand image in the century. He is dressed in jeans, riding a tall courser, with a cigarette in his mouth and blue sky as background. All this is a symbol of pizzazz, and freedom, which many young men pursue. Commercial advertisers take this image serving as a foil to the passionate, adventurous, exciting and free life which people are yearning and pursuing. Because this advertisement fully satisfies the westerners expectation for freedom, Marlboro receives an agreeable and delectable return. 3.1.4 Contribution vs. Enjoyment China is a large agricultural social pattern; the Chinese put much stress on collectivism, authoritative character, submitting to nature. The advertisement reflected the characteristics of Chinese culture. à ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã‚ Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã… ¡Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¨,à ©Ã‚ »Ã‹Å"à ©Ã‚ »Ã‹Å"à ¦-  Ãƒ ¨Ã… ¡Ã…  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã…’ ® (Hua Li mosquito killer) Hua Li mosquito killer makes the world no mosquitoes. This arouses resonance in the minds of consumers. As for the westerners, they have a tendency of enjoyment. There is a popular saying in the USA: Work hard, and enjoy yourself. An important concept of Americans working is separating work hours and leisure time. In their view, the work is no doubt important, but entertainment and relaxation is the best way to improve efficiency. The following ads are the best certification. Enjoy absolute Vodka, enjoy life, it deserves you. (Vodka) Just for the taste of it. (Coca Cola) Be youngà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’have fun, drink PEPSI. Take time to indulgeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ NES Ice creamà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °These advertisements demonstrate the consumers concept: enjoy life, seek for abundant consumption, and possession of pleasing products. 3.2 National Trait Every country has its own nation trait, according to these nation traits; we mean the qualities, characteristics, tendencies, values, moral principles and beliefs. All of them are a part of culture. Here, the author from three aspects respective to illustrate and exhibit the cultural differences. 3.2.1 Traditional vs. Newfangled Chinese people love jubilant scenes, love to listen to auspicious words. A lot of the advertising language starting from the basic mass psychology fully reflects radiant spare atmosphere. For example: à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¼, à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ We wont accept presents this festival except Naobaijin (A kind of health protection food) On the screen, the family, including old and young, with cheerful expression, shows the harmony and happiness. à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡, à ¦Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡(Instant Noodle Advertisement) (Much happiness, much satisfaction) à ¥Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ…“à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶(Wine Advertisement) (Kongfu family wine reminds people of home) All in all, most advertisements of wine and food have an obvious Chinese characteristic, and also embody the traditional character of à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥-Å“Ã ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¢(auspicious words in China). Western culture encourages people to develop innovation, self-advocacy, and liberalism, emphasizing individuality, personal values, particularly advocating individual, equality, competition and frank vocal, active participation and self-affirmation of the export-oriented character. Reflected in the words in the language of advertising, it shows a personalized curriculum and creates something unconventional. The following is an ad for Motorola. Baked, Drenched, Tested to the extreme. A Motorola cellular phone stands tough in the face of torture. Just ask Danielle Bel1, whose phone came back from the ashes of a threealarm fire. Motorola, the best- sellingà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’most preferred cellular phones in the world. This is a unique advertising idea; a picture of the Motorola mobile phone of deformation, there must be nothing but a big disaster. Clearly it will leave a lasting impression. Another ad for tyre: Even its footprint tells you its different (Han Ping, 2005). You will find everything unique and fresh in advertising language. 3.2.2 Implicative vs. Outright Different cultural backgrounds decide different expressions. Chinese people express affection, friendship and love with implicit personality in the advertising language. à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ ´-à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ §Ã‚ ²Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  : A Little girl used Diaopai washing powder to wash clothes while her mother went out to find job. And she left a note: Mum, I can help you with housework. This love for Mum touched all the people who watched it. à ¥- Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ (Health Products Advertisement) (Xu Dezhen, 2003). The advertisement expressed the implicative and self-evident affection between wife and husband. But in western countries the expression of affection is very explicit. For instanceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Take the phone to pass your loveà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ The originality is that the daughter from thousands of miles away called her parents, who were having their dinner, and said: I love you. There is another advertisement on TOYOTA: I love what you do for me (Xu Dezhen, 2003). The open-and-shut character fully revealed its candor. 3.2.3 Conservative vs. Extroverted Chinese and western culture has differences in orientation and understanding on sex. Our advertising regulations specifically prohibit a picture of temptation and seduction or sexual content. Even if it is necessary to involve related content, it will become implicit and hidden. Owing to the relatively conservative nature of the concept, many perfume and cosmetics advertisements stress implicitness. For instance: à ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ « This year you are 20, next year 18. (Baili Soap) (Xu Dezhen, 2003). à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¥Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½ Keep young, keep charming. (Cosmetics advertisement) à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ §-ËÅ"à §-ËÅ"à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ §Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  ! Pox disappears. (Cosmetics advertisement) But in the western countriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’advertisement concerning sex can be found everywhere, and the exposed beautiful women is common. An ad for Charlie perfume: The generous, sexy-young fragrance. By Revlon (Wu Keming, 1999: 178). Close-up toothpaste: Your perfume turns him on. Will your breath turn him off? Such an advertisement is not allowed in China, but it seems that the Western advertisement composers take delight in it. 3.3 Thinking Mode Thinking is an important part, highest rally, main designer and commitment of human culture. In other words, thinking is the underlying essence of human cultural phenomenon. Thinking can be divided into two basic types: intuitive thinking and logical thinking. Chinese advertisements focus on intuitive thinking while the westerners stress logical thinking. The advertisement witnessed the different thinking modes in China and West. Take telecom advertisement as an illustration. In order to express the concept of Telecom communicates, heart communicates, Chinese telecom spares no efforts in five different dribs and drabs in daily life: Communication is solicitude (father and son); Communication is love (mine worker date); Communication is share (quarrel between couple); Communication is understood (father and son); Communication is respect (teacher and student). Directly, it tells the customers that telecom can shorten distance between people and make communication convenient without space limitation but intendment and true feelings (Xu Dezhen, 2003). China telecom spends so much time, only in hope of passing the concept clearly and directly. Its not difficult for us to realize the thinking way of the originality is intuitive thinking. It not only tallies with the Chinese traditional thinking way but suits the cultural habit of the audiences. And the same is telecommunications advertising. The United States ingeniously introduced only one life detail: Yawnin g. A man walking on the street has a causal yawn, a woman not far follows him another yawn, and then one elderly is also infected with a yawn. And what even more interesting is the pet doggie accompanying them with yawning. At the sight of this picture, at first, I didnt realize what it wants to appeal for at the very moment. Just then the words hit the mark with a single comment: Communicating is very simple. This is a perfect advertising; I cant but admire the western logical ideation. Yawning is only a normal phenomenon, but the western advertisers tell the customers that communication is as easy as yawning. You can communicate with any one at any time if you are willing to. 3.4 Attitudes towards Animals, Numbers, and Plants People living in different cultures backgrounds may have their own different attitudes and thoughts towards animals, numbers, and plants. One culture may not mean the same in another. That is why the same words have different meaning in different countries. The differences caused by such words in advertising may be illustrated with the following examples. We all know that Chinese people often regard bats as a good luck because the Chinese character à ¨Ã‚ Ã‚   sounds the same as à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  (meaning good fortune or blessing). Some Chinese legends say that when a bat lives 100 years, it turns white in color and hangs upside down from a tree, and eating that bat could bring person longevity. A red bat foretells even better luck for à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚   sounds exactly the same as à ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  (being supremely fortunate) (Hu Wenzhong, 2005). But in western cultures the translator must adapts their linguistic habit to the different attitude towards the animal, they do not think Bat is a good name, because bat is regarded as an extremely evil omen in much European folklore. So may be translations like Fortunes better. Sometimes numbers can lead to a variety of associations. Common speaking, every culture has some numbers. It is believed to be either fortunate or sometimes sinister, However, that may sometimes different. Then we take the translation of 7-up for example, which is a brand of soft drink. Many English speaking countries deem that the number 7 is a very luck number for the peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’while Chinese people dont think so. The meaning is different in Chinese eyes. According to the cultural difference, the translator is trying to make the same effect among the Chinese buyer. So they work out the name à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥-Å“. The name of it is very acceptable for the people because its first part à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™ is faithful to the brand name without transmitting any unfavorable meaning, and its second part à ¥-Å“transmit the meaning of happy and good luck, and so offset the loss of connotation in the number 7. Finally, plant words also have different meanings in different cultures. For example, the brand named à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢, Chinese people think it means clean and honest. But to English people, the word narcissus means a self-loving person. So if these washing machines use such a brand name, cultural adaptation is necessary to western consumers. So the word Daffodil might be more suitable. In brief, using these types of words as brand names in a global market often means taking a risk. As we have said, the producers should be more careful when creating such brand names in advertising (Zhou Ruxin, 2004). Cultural conflict and difference is almost everywhere, even the exiguous part shouldnt be neglected. So it is a wise decision to take the above cultural element into consideration while bringing the products into world market. 3.5 Geographical Location Differences In cultures, the location may be regard as an important element. In languages, different locations have different languages cultures, and it can interpret differently in different cultures. For example, snow has become an indispensable part of Eskimos life. So they have a quite large vocabulary of different kinds of snow in their language. While people living in India can hardly imagine what is snow, what snow looks like. So there is no word for snow. There is another example: China has once produced a series of agricultural machines called à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½ because of the geographical location of China. Chinese people think that à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½ is a symbol of warmth which means good omen. In China, it means advantageous conditions as the Chinese à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½ (Zhou Ruxin, 2004). But in western countries, east wind has totally different meaning. For them, their west wind is the same as our east wind. Therefore, though the brand name was put into East Wind, many people hold that the more proper name might be West Wind. IV. Conclusion Culture is the product of historical development of human beings. Advertising is the product of social and economic highly development. In modern society, advertising plays an increasingly heavy role. In a sense, the advertising impacts on our lives all aspects. It not only transmits product information to us, more transmit a kind of cultural awareness. As for the cultural differences, a number of scholars have tried to explain it in different aspects. In the past on the study of cultural differences in advertising, people tended to pick the perspective of linguistics, focusing on the vocabulary, syntax and rhetoric identity, but it is not limited to language but rather a cultural phenomenon. Advertisement , as a community cultural patterns, since its naissanceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’embodies cultural uniqueness and nationality. On the basis of the formers, the author collected a large number of materials, trying to discuss cultural differences in advertisement between China and western countries. But cultural background of one nation, after all, has obstacle. In the contemporary world, with the development of globalization, no matter Chinese or Western advertising, cultural dialogue and cross-cultural communication is absolutely necessary to survive and make further development. Thus the advertisement both in China and west can win amalgamation. Boldly speaking, our purpose is to make the current advertisement to achieve a bourn of seeking common points while reserving difference, seeking uniqueness while together. This study attempts to provide some information for the advertisers through comparison between Chinese and Western advertisements in the process of international and int ercultural communication.

Locke, Hobbes, Mill, Thoreau :: Politics Philosophy Sociology

John Locke John Locke explains the state of nature as a state of equality in which no one has power over another, and all are free to do as they please. He notes, however, that this liberty does not equal license to abuse others, and that natural law exists even in the state of nature. Each individual in the state of nature has the power to execute natural laws, which are universal. I believe that Locke is correct in his analysis of the state of nature however; Locke‘s theory includes many assumptions. First is the assumption of a system of morality, the natural law derives from a theory of justice, a set of rights. No one would have any "rights" at all in the absence of a moral code applicable to human actions, nor would there be any standard of "just" punishment. Locke frequently uses the term "rights" and appeals to conscience and "calm reason", all of which reflect his assumptions about justice and morality. For individual property to exist, there must be a means for individuals to appropriate the things around them. Locke starts out with the idea of the property of person; each person owns his or her own body, and all the labor that they perform with the body. When an individual adds their own labor, their own property, to a foreign object or good, that object becomes their own because they have added their labor. This appropriation of goods does not demand the consent of humankind in general, each person has license to appropriate things in this way by individual initiative. Locke then places a bound on this type of acquisition, a person may only acquire as many things in this way as he or she can reasonably use to their advantage. One can only take so much as one can use. Lock applies these rules to land: a person in a state of nature can claim land by adding labor to it, building house on it or farming on it, but only so much as that person can reasonably use without waste. Locke then defines labor as the determining factor of value, the tool by which humans make their world a more advantageous and rewarding place to inhabit. Locke states that in order for a civil society to be established, the individuals must forfeit some of their rights that they have in the state of nature. This needs to be done so everyone can live together in peace.

Quality Improvement in Nursing Essay

Answering the call light (also called call bell a handheld like that is attached to the patient room wall, above the headboard of the bed) in a timely manner by the nursing staff in hospital setting is necessary to prevent falls that can harm, prolonged stays, and unnecessarily increase the cost of healthcare. However, researches concerning call light uses as it relates to patient safety, patient-care management and patient satisfaction are limited (Meade et al. 2006). Patients and their families emphasize that nurses should monitor patients constantly and provide assistance and answer a call light in a timely manner (Yoder, 2011). Note that the falls may be caused by several factors such as physiological, psychological and/or environmental-related to each individual patient (Joint Commission, 2005). The nurse initiating this project will focus on the rate of falls related to a delay in response to the call light. The hospital, where the Quality Improvement Project (QIP) is done, uses the Hill-Rom system to operate and record the time it takes to respond to a call light prior to the incident as base for the (QIP). The nurse will identify opportunities to improve the quality of care delivered as well as the response time to a patient’s needs. The nurse working on the project used the study done by (Tzeng & Yi Yin, 2009) as a model to follow. In fact, Tzeng & Yi Yin suggested that the goal of the quality care is to reduce the response time to the call bell to a number that is unlikely to lead to a fall. During their project, the authors explored the contribution of the call bell use rate and the average response time to the fall rate, the injurious fall rate and patient satisfaction scores that occurred in four adult inpatient acute care units (Tzeng & Yi Yin, 2009). Improving the responsiveness to the call light and reducing the fall rate is important for both the safety of the patient and the reputation and success of the organization. Yoder proposed that the patients are becoming more sophisticated and view themselves as â€Å"consumers† who can take their business elsewhere (Yoder, 2011). Since the hospital is a Magnet and applies the shared governance model, there is an organizational structure for nursing quality that can facilitate the project. In fact, each unit has a designated staff member for the Unit’s Council Quality Champion (UCQC). This unit representative functions as a quality improvement resource for the unit council, and performs unit-based monitoring and analysis as well as collaborating with unit staff members on improvement plans. This allows for an opportunity to network and share best practice (MLHS, 2010). The nurse handling the project can set up a meeting with the UCQC, and ask for input from other members such as patient care manager (leadership in implementing changes), physicians (after assessing the patient, leaving the bed in high position), housekeeping (placing caution signs on a wet floor), pharmacy (flagging medications that can contribute to falls such as sedatives, hypnotics, beta blockers), and dietary service (placing trays within the reach of the patient). The multidisciplinary team allows for a better planning approach to the subject and prevents malpractice (Yoder, 2011) The information recorded from the patient room call light system was used in this study. The rate of inpatient falls, which have long been perceived as a nursing-sensitive quality indicator, is defined as the rate at which patients fall during their hospital stay per 1000 patient-days (American Nurses Association, in Tzeng & Yi Yin, 2009). As the nurse working on the QIP a notification to the institutional review board will be sent if further approvable are necessary. The only statistical data the nurse could obtain from the manager are related to the numbers of falls per 1000 patient days with injury. The data gives us information about the rate of falls in reference to the average rate of falls in the hospital. In this unit there is awareness at the managerial level that the longer the call light is on the higher the incidence of fall is. If there is a fall with injury, the manager has the ability to go back and check how long the call light was on prior to a fall. However, this information is not used to prevent and emphasize the relationship between the length of time a call light is on and the rate of fall. Most nurses and patient care technicians are not aware that the manager can back-track the call light and find out this information. To measure the rate of falls to the length of time a call light is answered, the nurse working on the project choose the histogram. This illustrates the length of time in the Y axis and the rate of falls in the X axis during the period of study (time frame). The histogram itself will include a control group, average answers, and delay answers to call light. This example was imported and modified from a previous study done comparing the numbers of call lights and nursing rounds by (Meade et al. 2006). A realistic goal of this study is to reduce the fall related to a delay in answering the call light to less than the standard national data base that can be found in National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI). The nurse will be able to compare the data obtained on the unit to similar hospital units by referencing (benchmarking) to the national data from NDNQI. There will be a follow up study and gradual modification of the plan in order to achieve the outcome. The team has to set measurable outcomes and quality indicators. According to Yoder, the goal of quality improvement necessitates a standard of practice and a measurable patient-care outcome or nursing-sensitive outcome (Yoder, 2011). Yoder signaled that the quality management stresses improving the system rather than assigning blame to employees (Yoder, 2011). Thus, communication is a very important step and strategies in the discussion. It allows both the manager and followers to see the appropriate changes needed without appointing blames. The results of the project can be shared with other floors, included in the computer based training, or presented by nursing leaders during in-service with the staff. Posters could be used to illustrate the importance of the response time to patient’s call light. In recent years some hospitals have initiated hourly rounds to reduce the noise and interruptions caused by unnecessary call lights. (Meade et al. 2006). Meade concluded that with one-hour rounds, there was a significant reduction in the number of falls that occurred on the units. Others tools used in the hospital to prevent falls are yellow bracelet, non slip red socks, and yellow sticker placed on the chart.   As the plan is implemented the team continues to gather and evaluate data to document and compare in order to find out if the outcomes are being met. Revisions are performed if new problems arise during the implementation of the project and a time frame is set during the realization of the project. In conclusion this QIP can be implemented on the floor by educating the staff about high costs that result from a fall, specifically ones leading to injuries or even death. Also, as patient’s advocates the nurse has to work on securing the patient safety by responding to their needs and reducing the call light response time. Nursing staff must recognize that call lights are legitimate ways for patients to test the responsiveness of the hospital system regarding their needs (Deitrick et al. 2006). References ————————————————- Deitrick L, Bokovoy J, Stern G & Panik A (2006) Dance of the call bells: using ethnography to ————————————————- evaluate patient satisfaction with quality of care. Journal of Nursing Care Quality 12, ————————————————- 316–324. Retrieved from CINAHL with Full Text database ————————————————- Joint Commission (2005). Defining the problem of falls. In Reducing the Risk of Falls in Your ————————————————- Health Care Organization (Smith IJ, ed.). Joint Commission, Oakbrook Terrace, IL, pp. ————————————————- 13–27. ————————————————- Meade CM, Bursell AL & Ketelsen L (2006) Effects of nursing rounds on patients’ call light use, ————————————————- satisfaction and safety. American Journal of Nursing 106, 58–70. ————————————————- MLHS (2010).https://webapps.mlhs.org/nursing/page69.aspx ————————————————- Tzeng H; Yin C. (2009). Relationship between call light use and response time and inpatient falls ————————————————- in Acute care settings. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18(23): 3333-41 Retrieved from ————————————————- CINAHL with Full Text database ————————————————- Yoder-Wise, P. (2011). Leading and managing in nursing. St. Louis, MO: Mosby ————————————————-

Ethical Issues When Working With Children Social Work Essay Essay Example

Ethical Issues When Working With Children Social Work Essay Essay Example Ethical Issues When Working With Children Social Work Essay Essay Ethical Issues When Working With Children Social Work Essay Essay Essay Topic: Social Issues Social Issues To what extent can research workers be after for ethical issues when working with kids and immature people? Peoples frequently think of moralss or ethical motives, as a regulation for separating between what is right and incorrect. Something that springs to mind, is the stating ; Do unto others as you would hold them make unto you or the spiritual credo of the Ten Commandments, Thou Shalt non kill . This is a common manner of specifying moralss and the norms for behavior that distinguish between unacceptable and acceptable behavior. Most people learn ethical norms within the place, at school or in other educational scenes. Majority of people get their sense of right and incorrect during their childhood as moral development occurs throughout life. Simply because as human existences, we pass through different phases of growing as we mature. Ethical norms can be classed as omnipresent, merely because one might be tempted to see them as simple commonsense . A plausible account of these dissensions is that as worlds, we can recognize some common ethical norms, but bulk of persons may use and construe these norms in different ways in regard of their ain life experiences and ain values. Our society has legal regulations that govern behavior, but ethical norms can be broader and more informal than Torahs. However, most societies use Torahs to implement moral criterions and ethical and legal regulations use similar constructs, it is nevertheless important to indicate out that jurisprudence and moralss are non the same. For illustration, an action could be classed as legal, but illegal or unethical, but ethical. Society besides uses ethical constructs and rules to construe Torahs, evaluate and criticise. Within the last century, citizens were urged to disobey Torahs in order to protest what they classed as unfair Torahs that were immoral. Within research with kids and immature people there are several grounds why it is of import to adhere to ethical norms. First, it promotes the purposes of research and illustrations include, truth, turning away and cognition such as beliing research informations promote the truth, prohibitions against fabricating, distorting and avoid mistake. Second, is that research frequently involves a great trade of cooperation and coordination amongst different people in different establishments and subjects. Ethical criterions promote the values that are indispensable to collaborative work, which include equity, trust, answerability and common regard. For illustration, many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for writing, informations protection policies, and confidentiality regulations are designed to protect rational belongings involvements, but still encouraging coaction amongst the establishments. Therefore, research workers want to have recognition for their work and parts to be disclosed prematurely and do non desire to hold their thoughts stolen. Third and the chief criterion is that many of the ethical norms help to guarantee that research workers can be held accountable to the populace. Many of the norms with research are that it promotes a assortment of other of import moral and societal values, for illustration societal duty, human rights, conformity with the jurisprudence, and wellness and safety. Critically, ethical oversights in research can significantly harm worlds, pupils and the populace. A research worker who may manufacture informations in a clinical test could harm patients and a research worker who fails to stay by ordinances and guidelines, as set out in the ethical criterions, could endanger his wellness and safety or the wellness and safety of staff and pupils in relation to radiation or biological safety. Consequently, moralss are frequently a affair of seeking to happen a balance between opposite extremes. Ethical research with kids has changed significantly in the past 30 old ages and modern criterions of research moral principle may well depend on modern crystalline research methods and a respectful relationship between kids and research workers. During the 1947s attorneies stressed the dangers of research and insisted that willing consent should be obtained, although it was presumed that kids were excessively immature to give consent and accordingly banned from take parting from research. Traditionally, kids were non allowed to accept for themselves for medical Children traditionally were non allowed to accept for themselves in footings of medical processs and even for the simplest processs. Today, there are three sanctioned theoretical accounts of consent for kids. First, kids who are classed as competent, which are sometimes called minors may supply consent on their ain. Second, kids may supply an acquiescence with parental consent and 3rd, some kids, due to their developmental phase or age can non supply consent until parental consent is sought. Critically, this can raise serious on-going challenges and some of the troubles can originate from measuring competency, best involvements every bit good as, motives. Equally good as covering with struggle between kids, parents and or with kids and young person, many of which may be populating on the street or in a crisis state of affairs, to call merely a few illustrations. Childs are traditionally considered more vulnerable than grownups and this is because of their deficiency of competency to take portion in doing determinations. This could be particularly around complex issues, such as wellness attention and inclusion, in research. This exposure means that parents/ defenders, pedagogues and wellness attention professionals must be trusted to move in their best involvements and do determinations for them. Furthermore, this exposure has frequently meant that some kids are merely excluded from research which is frequently in short-sighted efforts to protect them from injury. Consequently, this has resulted in excepting kids from research and in research, failed to larn about kids and to develop better and new ways to handle, attack and protect them. Alderson ( 2004 ) states that Ethicists teach the regulations for ethical research are based on three chief ways of believing about what is good research: the rules of making good research because it is right and right thing to make. Right based research involves regard and kids s rights, such as supplying for basic demands for illustration, health care and instruction. Protection from kid maltreatment and favoritism and engagement is critical during ethical research in holding their ain positions listened to and respected by grownups. This is based on good research, instead so trusting entirely on grownup rules and values. The best results based moralss fundamentally means, working out how to avoid or cut down injury and costs . Research workers may bring forth really deceptive consequences that are produced in policies that could damage kids s lives. Research workers may upset kids by worrying them by doing false promises or bewray them. Critically, moral inquiries about power, honestness and esteeming people can originate throughout the research procedure. Although a job, frequently rarely mentioned by ethicians, is a hazard on published research studies that addition stigma and disadvantage kids and immature grownups. However, these studies can assist research workers turn to such hazards and jobs and larn how to cover with them. An existent research that was nt decently planned and a peculiar ethical issue uncovered was when, as stated by Dennis, 2009 A Nipponese alumnus pupil, was interpreting at a parent/teacher conference and the instructor asked her to go through along remarks to the parents that Hanako s idea were ill-mannered. She did non desire to make it. She intervened covertly because she did non go through along the remarks as they had been expressed by the instructor, but she pretended to make so. She tried to do the point the instructor was doing, but in a much more polite, positive, and from Hanako s position, acceptable manner . Critically, this issue would hold failed to show the instructor s annoyance and present an ethical hazard, as this interpersonal intercession was non inclusive. It could present a possible injury, as it failed to advance moral and societal values and follow ethical criterions that promote the values that are important to collaborative work, such as common regard and t rust, particularly when working with kids and immature people. Another existent research that the research worker planned good for ethical issues was that off, Naz Rassool. Rassool ( 2004 ) was interested in working with a group of 14 and 15 twelvemonth olds that raised several ethical and practical issues. Rassool felt that the students should non be exploited emotionally due to the nature of the work as the students were in a critical stage of their development. The research had to be really sensitive through its probes of individuality formation. Therefore, the ethical issues were paramount and persisted throughout the research. Rassool found the most effectual manner to turn to the theoretical research inquiry to the students, integrating the constructs of faith, knowledgeableness, societal alteration and single reflexiveness, all provided Rassool the theoretical model. To bring forth a common apprehension of the intent of the research, Rossool conducted a seminar with staff involved, which addressed the purposes of the research, ethical iss ues and the intent of the activities. Other ethical issues, revolved in having parental consent and whether this as perfectly necessary, if the activities formed a portion of the instruction programme. However, since the ultimate purpose is to reply research inquiries it is important that all ethical issues are applied throughout. Critically, nevertheless when working with kids and immature people, it is normal protocol to seek parental consent, particularly when carry oning research. Rossool s research promoted the purposes of research ; followed ethical criterions and advance the values, which are indispensable for collaborative work, such as common regard, trust and equity. It promoted moral and societal values. Research to a great extent relies on the populace to take portion in the research and if this cooperation is to go on, so research workers have to maintain high ethical criterions. Alderson ( 2004 ) states public anxiousness about the remotion of kids s variety meats without consent, partially for research shows how research moralss, consent and rights may alter, particularly when kids are involved . Similar alterations may happen in societal research and hence, it is important to derive foresight about societal research from the hindsight of medical research. Critically many medical diaries refuse to print these studies that may non hold the backup of ethical commission blessing and hence, research workers need to maintain abreast of the ethical criterions. Deriving moralss commission blessing can take clip and can protect people who take portion in the research and protect them from judicial proceeding and unfavorable judgment. The extent research workers can be after for ethical issue is by affecting kids and immature people and should merely be conducted when the research inquiry posed is important to the well-being and wellness of kids. Ethical motives help research workers to be more cognizant of hidden jobs, but do non ever provide the right and easy replies. However, a research process which is non intended straight to profit the kid topic is non needfully either unethical or illegal. Such research includes detecting and mensurating normal development and the usage of healthy voluntaries in controlled experiments. The engagement of kids is indispensable and this is because the information available from research on other persons can non reply the inquiry posed in relation to the kids. Therefore, the survey method is appropriate for kids and the fortunes in which the research is conducted, provides for the emotional, physical, emotional and safety of the kid. The challenges associating to ethical and consent issues affecting kids and immature people in research are legion and necessitate careful consideration and yet are non unsurmountable. Critically, as a precedence, research workers must prosecute with the legal, moral and ethical jussive moods offered by UNICEF. As Alderson quoted, that Rights based research involves regard and kids s rights and as portion of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in peculiar. The research worker needs to give diligence to Article 12, and the article due and persevering consideration in its entireness, by esteeming the positions of the kid. Research workers must non merely commit to inclusive patterns, but besides maintain assiduousness in guaranting that kids and immature people are respected participants in the research procedure, from choice of methodological analysiss to the airing and coverage of consequences. With these guidelines in head, kids should be offered chances to truly take part in research. When grownups are doing determinations that affect kids, kids have the right to state what they think should go on and hold their sentiments taken into history. Ethical considerations are paramount in kids s research and direction of these considerations can be really influential on the research that is finally completed with kids and immature people. The major issues discussed include, protection and safety versus engagement, the function of moralss commissions and the impact of consent procedures. In drumhead, negociating moralss blessing and entree to kids and immature people remains a major challenge. More attending demands to be given to easing information and understanding participatory research across all groups involved to understate civilization clangs and increase the apprehension of the nature of participatory research. As Dennis, 2009 quotation marks There is one ethical rule that worked otherwise: all people s voices should be included in determination devising therefore those who oppose equalitarianism should non be allowed to do determinations that limit the inclusion of others voices. In this instance, there is no manner to accomplish classless inclusivity with people who would restrict the classless and inclusive intervention of others. Therefore, the two facets of this ethical rule do non belie each other and do non necessitate to be criticised on these evidences . The extent research workers can be after for ethical issue is by guaranting the acceptance of methods which are respectful to the kids and is besides important that research workers take moralss earnestly. This may intend research workers traveling off from traditions that in the yesteryear may hold considered kids as unthinking human existences . Alternatively, it places the accent on esteeming kids as dynamic people, which makes this method more realistic and productive. This is accordingly classed as ethical, as most moralss encourage research methods with kids participants. Word Count: /2,500